3-PHASE MOTORS DRIVEN FROM A SINGLE-PHASE SUPPLY BY A PHASE-ABLE^® CONTROL. 
WORLD'S MOST EFFICIENT SINGLE-PHASE SYSTEMS. 
LOWEST STARTING-CURRENT-TO-TORQUE RATIO

The revolutionary motor system shown here uses a PhaseAble^® circuit that connects a low-cost three-phase motor to a Single-Phase supply to make a high-performance single-phase motor system. The patented Smith PhaseAble^® Enabler^® has a single-phase 2-pole circuit breaker, line contactor, start contactor, start capacitor bank, and run capacitor bank. This injects currents into the motor windings so that the motor has the same full-load high efficiency from a single-phase supply that it would have on a balanced 3-phase supply.

Motors as large as 150 horsepower (HP) with Smith PhaseAble^® controls are more efficient than the alternatives: static and rotary-phase converters, and diesel engines. The Smith systems are more economical and eliminate the high cost of extending a three-phase line. Applied to air conditioners, these new motors can both reduce the electricity bills, and benefit the power companies by providing a leading power-factor load to compensate for the poor lagging power-factor load of all other motors.

HIGHEST TORQUE-TO-CURRENT RATIO
The starting current for the 40-HP motor was less than the full-load current. Many motors with PhaseAble^® controls between 0.3 HP and 40 HP (0.2KW and 30KW) have been tested. Full-load power-factor is near unity for small motors and is leading for large motors. Starting currents are low and are unity power-factor.

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WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT TO YOU AND ME (a note from Phyllis, Otto's wife)
Simply put, the PhaseAble^R Enabler^R enables 3-phase motors to operate on single-phase supply lines. A 3-phase motor is less expensive, more efficient (which lowers electricity bills), and, with the addition of Otto's unique circuitry, more acceptable to power companies than single-phase motors.

The people who have thus far most profited by the installation of the Enabler^R are farmers on single-phase rural lines.  They have been able to avoid the prohibitive cost of installing  3-phase supply lines while having the advantages of sufficiently high HP to run irrigation pumps or central-pivot systems with lower cost of the electricity itself.  Power companies are pleased because there are many fewer perturbations on their lines.

The wires running along an urban street in America carry 3-phase electricity.  From the street, unfortunately, it is carried into our homes on single-phase lines.  This means that all of our electrical appliances--refrigerators, air-conditioners, fans etc.--have, in the past, been designed with noisy, inefficient and expensive single-phase motors.  Otto's unique circuitry, installed along with 3-phase motors in our appliances, would bring us the advantages of lower electricity bills, more reliable electricity, less noise and vibration, and longer-lasting motors.

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LIST OF INSTALLATIONS

40-HP, center-pivot sprinkler, low start current, 460 volts.
Three 25-HP close-coupled irrigation pumps, 460 volts.
One 20-HP close-coupled center-pivot sprinkler, 460 volts.
10-HP drip irrigation for poplar plantation, 230 volts.
8-HP air compressor, 175 psi, 80 gallons, 230 volts.
3-HP high-inertia band-saw, 230 volts.
1.5-HP submersible motor and pump in the bottom of a well, 230 volts.
230 volts, 5 ton, 5 KW Heat Pump, tested

On 460-volts single-phase:
        40-HP Center-Pivot, starting current less than full-load current.
        Three 25-HP center-pivot motors, close coupled.
        One 20-HP center-pivot motor, close-coupled.
On 230-volts, single-phase:
        10-HP motor for drip irrigation.
        8-HP motor for 80-gallon compressed-air tank.
        3-HP high-inertia band-saw.
        1.5-HP submersible pump in well.

35-KW wind-turbine generator

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MARKET:

Using three-phase motor-compressor designs now available, with Smith PhaseAble^® controls, more efficient air-conditioner, freezer, refrigerator and air compressor motors can be created.

The US agriculture market is estimated to be over one hundred million dollars per year in new sales of these Smith motor systems for the symmetrically-wound motors. A substantial manufacturing facility assembling contactors and capacitors will be needed. All components are readily available at low cost from several different suppliers.

We can save billions of dollars in electricity costs, benefiting both the house holder and the power company, which will not need to import as much oil.

The need for these Smith high-efficiency motor systems in other countries is enormous. China and India have limited energy resources. Australia and Brazil can afford low efficiency, but also recognize the benefits of high efficiency. Each of these countries manufactures all of the components for the controls and the motors. They would not need to import anything except know-how and intellectual property.

Here in the USA our southern and western electric power companies are strained on summer afternoons by air-conditioning loads, much of which originates in small single-phase inefficient units. New air conditioners using 3-winding motors and Smith PhaseAble^® controls can increase the EER by 8 to 10 percent, reducing the customer electricity bill by a similar amount, and reducing the critical loads on the power companies. The southern and western power companies could subsidize these new high-efficiency high-EER air conditioners which use 3-winding motors and Smith PhaseAble^® controls. The power companies could initiate effective rebate programs. Energy savings can be a billion dollars in one decade.

Dr. Smith is willing to cooperate with anyone who plans a demonstration of a 1-ton to 5-ton air conditioner using this new method.
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40-HP Motor:

DESCRIPTION OF 40-HP MOTOR:

This revolutionary circuit changes a low-cost three-phase motor into a high-performance single-phase motor system. The patented Smith PhaseAble^® control has a single-phase 2-pole circuit breaker, start contactor, run contactor, start capacitor bank, and run capacitor bank. The PhaseAble^® control injects currents into the motor windings so that the motor has the same full-load high efficiency from a single-phase supply that it would have on a 3-phase supply.

Using a Smith PhaseAble^® controller, any 3-phase motor less than 175 HP is enabled to run from a single-phase supply with the same full-load efficiency that it would have on a three-phase supply, and with reduced starting current.

Every new product needing a single-phase motor can use instead a 3-phase motor with a Smith PhaseAble^® control, with lower electricity bills and lower line currents because of higher efficiency and improved line power-factor.

There are no power electronic devices in the Smith PhaseAble^® controls. During normal operation supplying a shaft load, there are no current spikes or switching operation as in Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD). Consequently the current and voltage harmonics are very low. In many cases, the Smith PhaseAble^® capacitors "short out" the power company voltage harmonics created by neighboring electronic loads, so that the power quality when the Smith motor is running is superior to the power quality when the motor is turned off.

During starting this is a unity-power-factor motor, which is a minimum-current motor, yielding maximum torque per unit of line current. In performance, this motor acts like a resistance load in parallel with a power-factor-compensation capacitor bank. This low-cost 3-phase motor driven by a Single-Phase power supply itself can also be a phase converter. With the PhaseAble^® circuit, this is a rotary-phase converter (three-phase converter) which can supply several other three-phase motors.
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FREE-WHEELING FLUX:

The "Enabler^®" supplies two motor terminals directly from the single-phase power line. At rated speed, the geometry of the windings creates a rotating magnetic flux field in the air-gap. This flux field generates a voltage which appears on the third motor terminal. This voltage appears even when the third terminal is open. When there is a current into or out of this third terminal, the voltage changes slightly.

The run-capacitor circuit connected to this third terminal injects a current which is proportional to the capacitance and an almost constant voltage difference. This is almost a constant current. When this injected current is the full-load current at the correct full-load phasor angle, then when the shaft torque is the rated value, all of the windings carry the same current magnitudes at the same power-factors. All of the currents and all of the terminal voltages are automatically "balanced", because the winding impedances are also "balanced".

Three-phase motors are sensitive to unbalanced terminal voltages and insensitive to unbalanced winding currents. With "Free-Wheeling Flux", the sensitivity to terminal voltages is removed.

Automatically, for large motors, the "Enabler^®" circuits change the single-phase line power-factor to approximately 87% leading, which is a current phasor of 30 degrees leading.

For very small motors, the PhaseAble^® circuit makes the line power factor near unity.

This Enabler^® is NOT a phase converter. The Enabler^® specifies an injected winding current, not a terminal voltage. There is negligible negative-phase-sequence air-gap flux.

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Systems that are Operating:

Franklin submersible 3-phase 3-terminal motor at the bottom of a well drives a submersible Jacuzzi pump. At the well head, motor winding terminals W1 and W2 are connected to a 230-volt single-phase 60-hertz supply. The Enabler^® circuit has one run capacitor C3 connected between W1 and W3 to inject a 50% power-factor current component into W3. An autotransformer connected between W2 and W3 has a center tap CT. A second run capacitor C2 is connected between W1 and CT. The autotransformer connection at W3 injects a second current component of 87% power-factor into the same winding at W3. Capacitance values for C2 and C3 are chosen for full-load equal currents in the three motor leads. Performance on single-phase matches the catalog and nameplate performance values for balanced three-phase 230 volts. Power-line current is superior because it is leading power-factor instead of the lagging power factor inside the motor.

An air compressor delivers compressed atmospheric air into an 80-gallon tank at 175 psi (pounds per square inch). The three-phase motor has all twelve winding terminals available and these are in a SemiHex^TM winding configuration for 230 volts single-phase. The three-phase motor rated power is 7.5 HP. At 175 psi output, the motor is delivering 8.1 HP, which is a 1.08 service factor. The motor nameplate has a 1.15 service factor. The run capacitors were chosen for an optimum motor current balance of 19 amperes at 175 psi, with a single-phase line current of 38 amperes and a motor efficiency of 87.5%. The pulleys on the belt drive could be modified to change the shaft power at 175-psi which is the maximum power point. Reducing the compressor speed can reduce the cubic feet per minute and reduce the motor power. Our Enabler^R design was for 8.1 HP.
 

A 10-HP three-phase Baldor motor drives a Cornell pump to irrigate a poplar plantation. The motor is supplied from a 230-volt Idaho Power Company transformer. All twelve leads were brought out from the motor Wye windings and a SemiHex^TM circuit configuration was used. The motor efficiency was 91%. Winding currents were balanced.

A 40-HP three-phase Baldor motor on 480 volts single phase drives a Cornell pump for a center-pivot sprinkler. The pump delivers 1,350 gallons per minute. (gpm). The motor shaft power is 43 HP output at 94% efficiency. The motor was Delta wound, and all twelve leads were brought out. The unbalance of the winding voltages was 0.07%. No power company can provide this excellent voltage balance.

Unlike a three-phase motor on a three-phase power supply, each of these systems has only ONE voltage applied and two injected currents. For all loads, the winding currents are each less than the service-factor current. No motor has excessive currents due to unbalanced voltages. In every case the three-phase motor performance on single-phase supply was superior to the performance on the three-phase supply. In every case, the PhaseAble^® system is superior in almost every respect to the best single-phase system available.

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VOLTAGE SENSITIVITY
A typical motor rated voltage is 460 volts. Our PhaseAble^® Enabler^® systems are designed for balanced winding currents at 460 volts, rated shaft power. The power company might provide a rated voltage of 480 volts, with a company specification that the voltage range is +/- 4.2 %. At -4.2% the voltage supplied would be approximately 460 volts.

At 480 volts supplied, the motor receives 104.2% voltage. The capacitor currents are each proportional to the applied voltage, so each current is 104.2% of the design current. All the winding voltages will be balanced at this higher value. At this new balance point, not only are each of the currents at 104.2% of the design amperes, but the air-gap flux is also near 104.2% of rated, and the shaft torque is near 108.6% of rated. The speed change is negligible. Our new balance point would be 108.6% of rated torque and rated power.

When the power company delivers +4.2% of their target of 480 volts, the motor receives 500 volts. At this new balance condition, the currents are all near 108.5%, the flux is near 108.5%(neglecting saturation), and the shaft torque at balance must be near 118% of nameplate torque. Consequently with a load torque approximately at constant speed, the motor will operate at 85% of the new balance condition. The motor windings not driven by capacitors will have much lower currents. The low-current windings will have low temperature losses due to copper losses, and the capacitor-driven windings will have higher temperature rises. These loss effects partially balance each other, so the full-load motor performance at 500 volts is near to the expected performance at 460 volts and the rated torque.

These PhaseAble^® Enabler^® systems are relatively insensitive to very large motor voltage changes, and are robust for the consumer. This is the opposite of the situation when the motor is connected to a three-phase voltage source. A 4% unbalance in the three-phase voltages produces a 2% efficiency loss. A 32^oC average extra temperature rise of the motor, and a 56^oC extra temperature rise in the hottest windings is a factor of 50 reduction in the life of the motor. A 40-year life motor is reduced to a 10-month life, and quick burn-out.

None of these excessive current problems exist in the PhaseAble^® Enabler^® systems. All rewound three-phase motors should use PhaseAble^® Enabler^® systems and not reconnect to the three-phase power supply.

See Reference 30. "Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the performance of Polyphase Induction Motors", NEMA MG-1, 1993, Revision 3, Section 14.35. See also Reference 31.

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INVENTION:

Any 3-phase motor can be enabled to be operated from single-phase with one of these PhaseAble^® controllers. Most load-torque characteristics can be achieved with minimum line current. Power companies have constraints on the maximum starting current permitted on a distribution line. Almost all Smith PhaseAble^® controls can satisfy these starting current constraints. Starting currents can be specified as less than full-load current, or less than two times full-load current.

All Smith systems on single-phase are superior to the same motor on 3-phase, because the single-phase line current is leading power-factor, instead of lagging power-factor, and this improves the power quality and increases the power company efficiency.

There are different winding connections available for different applications:

• 3-terminal hermetically-sealed heat pumps, submersible water-well pumps and 3-terminal delta-wound 150-HP motors use Phase-Able^® circuits.
• A rotary-phase converter also uses a Phase-Able^® circuit.
• A 4-terminal hermetically-sealed heat pump, freezer, or submersible water-well pump has a SEMIHEX^® circuit.
• A jack-pump that alternates between motor and generator is another circuit.
• An induction generator for a micro-hydro Pelton turbine system or for a wind-turbine is another circuit.
• Double-Star(YY) (= Double-Wye(YY)) and Double-Delta(DD) circuits are used for dual-voltage motors at the higher voltage.
• For reduced starting currents a DIAMOND^® starting circuit is preferred, yielding high locked-rotor torque with low locked-rotor current.

1. For small motors, the invention is very high efficiency because the air-gap flux is uniform and sinusoidal.
2. For intermediate-range motors, the invention is low cost because the symmetrical construction utilizes the copper, iron, space and frame optimally.
3. For large motors, previously large single-phase motors did not exist. Now 150-HP motor systems on single-phase are feasible.
4. With the Phase-Able^® connection, a rotary-phase converter has been invented which only needs to supply one-third of the load motor power.
5. A center-pivot irrigation pump motor can simultaneously be a rotary-phase converter for many 3-phase 1-HP tower motors.
6. With all of the above, starting currents are unity power-factor, so that the power company supplies a starting load similar to a resistive lighting load.

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COSTS:

For a shop that wishes to manufacture its own controls: for a 75-HP three-phase Wye-wound motor, the retail costs of the 460-volt Enabler^® components plus the license fee cost, excluding labor and excluding all of the usual controls for the motor, sum to $200.00 plus ($50.00 times the HP), which is $3,950.00.

For a 10-HP three-phase Wye-wound motor, the retail costs of the 460-volt Enabler^® components plus the license fee cost, excluding labor and excluding all of the usual controls for the motor, sum to $200.00 plus ($60.00 times the HP), which is $800.00. The smaller size is more expensive per horsepower.

For the same 10-HP three-phase Wye-wound motor, operating from 230-volt supply, the retail costs of the components plus the license fee cost, excluding labor and excluding all of the usual controls for the motor, sum to $200.00 plus ($90.00 times the HP), which is $1,100.00. The lower voltage supply requires much larger capacitor microfarads, and this increases the costs significantly, by approximately half again as much.

For a large 230-volt system, a 12-lead Wye-wound motor is preferable. If only 9 leads are available, a motor rewinding shop should bring out W10, W11, and W12 leads. Double Semi-Hex^TM is used for 2-pole high-power-factor motors.

For a small 230-volt system, a Star-parallel with Semi-Hex^TM can be used.

When the motor is submersible with only 3 leads available, a 115/115-volt autotransformer is used, each winding rated approximately 25% of the motor kVA, depending upon the power-factor.

Low-voltage Delta windings also require a transformer.

High-voltage Delta windings should have all twelve leads brought out, similar to Wye-start Delta-run specifications.

Labor cost is variable, which depends upon location and the availability of competent electricians. For small systems, Labor cost can be double the component cost. For 75-HP labor cost can be less than the component cost.

For estimation purposes, the Enabler^® plus Motor costs are approximately $400.00 per horsepower. Larger motors and higher voltages have lower costs per horsepower. A factory production run can reduce these costs to one third.

The total installed cost for this 100-HP PhaseAble^® Enabler and Motor is approximately 220 dollars per horsepower, depending upon the locality. This is a significant saving over extending a three-phase line, or the cost of a rotary phase converter.

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Comparisons

1. The Smith Motor Systems are NOT static phase converters. They do not generate 3 voltages and then attach a motor to the 3 voltages. All terminals of the ordinary 3-phase motor not connected to the single-phase power line have Phase-Able^® prescribed currents injected into them.
2. One of the Smith Phase-Able^® systems is a rotary phase converter. It can provide 50 HP to a pump shaft and also provide 230-volts three phase to several small motors.
3. The Smith motor systems are NOT structurally-modified motors, or rebuilt motors. They are standard 3-phase motors as listed in catalogs or available off-the-shelf from retailers. The invention is a unique connection of the motor winding terminals to capacitors that function as current injectors.
4. These are NOT synchronous motors. These are induction motors that have a small slip from the synchronous speed. Synchronous motors must have induction cage rotor windings to damp torque oscillations. On overload, synchronous motors can "pull-out" or lose synchronism. The Smith 3-phase motor systems weigh less and cost less than synchronous motors.
5. This is not a reluctance motor.
6. This is not a variable-frequency inverter or a variable-speed motor. This is a constant-speed motor. An inverter output voltage is not a "pure" or "clean" sine wave, but has pulses and high harmonics. A magnetic variable-speed transmission can be attached to the Smith 3-phase motor shaft to provide variable speeds from a few percent to 100 percent.
7. This Smith motor system does not generate current or voltage spikes or significant harmonics.
8. This is not a Written-Pole^® motor. The W-P motor is a synchronous motor when the magnetic poles written on the rotor are constant in position. It is very heavy.
9. This is not a wound-rotor motor. This Smith system has a cage rotor which is robust, strong and has long life. A wound-rotor motor usually costs more than a cage-rotor motor, and the rotor brushes on the rotor slip rings require maintenance.
10. This is not like a Ronk Add-A-Phase^R static phase converter. The Ronk Add-A-Phase^Ris an autotransformer-capacitor type static converter for one or two 3-terminal motors. Most Smith motor systems use more than three winding terminals without a transformer.
11. This is not like a Ronk Phase-Shifter. That enables operation of a 3-leg motor up to 75% of its continuous rating. The Smith motor systems can run at full nameplate rating continuously.
12. This is not like a Ronk Roto-Con^R rotary phase converter. That is an auxiliary rotating 3-phase machine best suited for operating motors that do not operate continuously at high load levels. That requires two machines. The extra losses can be five percent. The Smith motor system is a single machine which can operate continuously at full load, with only the losses of the single machine.
13. This is not like a Ronk Rotoverter^R. The Ronk Rotoverter^R has "tapped windings" to adjust and control all three phases for balancing currents. It can be used for multiple motors. Extra losses can be 5%. The Smith motor systems have no tapped windings and need no adjustments.
14. This is not like a Phase-A-Matic^® converter. A Phase-A-Matic^® rotary phase converter is an auxiliary 3-phase machine which delivers a "manufactured phase" on a third wire to supply multiple three-phase motors. That is not cost effective for a single motor. Extra losses can be five percent.
15. This is not like an ARCO ROTO-PHASE. That is a rotating "phase generator". It can supply several 3-phase motors. It is not cost effective for a single motor.
16. This is not like a GWM Rotary-Phase Converter "ROTOGEN" which can supply many small 3-phase motors simultaneously. That can be cost-effective for ten or twenty small motors all on the same 3-wire circuit. Gerhard Werner Motor Werke company has an unconditional lifetime warranty against rotor failure. The efficiency of those rotary devices is near 95% when fully loaded.

100-HP Enabler:

History Dr. Otto J. M. Smith

Dr. Otto J. M. Smith, Registered Professional Engineer, California RPE No. E666

SMITH HISTORY: Dr. Smith invented these methods for a micro-hydro single-phase induction generator over 22 years ago. He has built and tested many motors between 0.3 HP and 40 HP. He has demonstrated these motors at many Universities and laboratories. In response to a request, he will supply the names of the professors at the Universities where he had presented seminars and demonstrations.
 
 

In addition to these high-efficiency motor systems, Dr. Smith invented the Hewlett-Packard sine-function generators, and synthesized wave forms. He invented multi-megawatt variable-speed constant-frequency wound-rotor generators with shaft speeds from 50% below synchronism up to 50% above synchronism, using slip-excitation control and slip-power recovery for maximum efficiency. He invented the Posicast-controls for stepping motors, and feedback control systems for piping systems, canals, and dead-time delay processes. Dr. Smith invented the X-Ray thickness gauge to control steel rolling mills.

Dr. Smith has lived and taught in Australia, Brazil, Germany, Romania, Italy and The Netherlands. All of the countries in the world need to increase the efficiency of their use of energy to reduce reliance on fossil fuel. The Smith motor systems make large increases in the efficiency of the small fractional horsepower motors.

Dr. Smith is willing to cooperate with anyone who plans a demonstration of a 1-ton to 5-ton air conditioner using this new method.

OTTO J. M. SMITH BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Smith is an expert in high-efficiency consumer products, energy, solar and wind electrical systems.

Dr. Smith has supervised research and taught laboratories and lectures in electrical machinery, power systems, solar systems, high voltage, automatic control, economic optimization, industrial electronics, transportation, and interdisciplinary feedback systems.

He has published 150 technical articles and books and 36 patents.  His patents are in the fields of electrical motors and generators, conventional power generating electrical plants, solar power plants, test and measurement apparatus, and Rankine-cycle condenser radiative heat rejection.  He has been a consultant for hundreds of companies and to several foreign governments.

HONORS:
Listed in the “Leaders of the Pack”  InTech’s 50 most influential industry innovators since 1774.
   Dr. Smith developed the Smith Predictor, controls of flow and dead-time systems, and Posicast control of
   resonant systems.  He is listed along with James Watt, Wright brothers, Siemens brothers, and Leeds and
   Northrup.   InTech, 50-th  Anniversary Issue 01 August 2003.  Instrument Society of  America, 67
   Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA, 1(919)549-8411.
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Guggenheim Fellow.
Visiting Research Fellow in Economics and Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
R&D100 Award for one of the most technologically significant new products of the 1999 year.
Honor Societies: Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Tau Beta Pi (Engr.), Phi Lambda Upsilon (Chemistry), and Eta Kappa Nu (EE).

CHRONOLOGY OF APPOINTMENTS:

Research Engineer, Smith and Sun^R , 1988 to present.

Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley.
   He has been continuously on the University of California faculty since 1947.  He became Emeritus in
   1988.

Professor, Escola Federal de Engenharia de Itajubá, Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brasil, March-Sept., 1974.
   Taught Post-Graduate courses in power system planning and system stability.

Visiting Professor, Technical University Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Jan.-Feb., 1974.

NSF Appointee, U.S.-Romania Cooperative Science Program.  Sept.-Dec., 1973.  Academia Studii
   Economica and Institutui Studii si Proiectari Energetici. Optimum long-term economic planning.

Visiting Lecturer, Escola Federal de Engenharia de Itajubá, Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brasil, and University of Chile,
   Santiago, Chile, 1971.

Senior Research Fellow in Economics and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, State of Victoria,
   Australia, 1966-1967.

Guggenheim Fellow, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany, 1960.

Professor, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. 1954-56.

Research Engineer, Summit Corporation, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1945-1947.

Research Engineer, Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Forest Hill, Pennsylvania 1944-1945.

Assistant Professor, Denver University, 1943-1944, taught microwaves and automatic control.

Instructor, Electrical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 1941-1943.
    Taught Machinery, Power, High Voltage, and Circuits.

Test Engineer, Doble Engineering Company, Medford, Massachusetts.  Insulation power-factor and loss
     testing of high-voltage transformers, generator windings, current transformers, circuit breakers, cables, and
     bushings.  1941-1943.

Research Assistant, H. J. Ryan High-Voltage Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
     1938-1941.   Million-volt testing and corona studies.

Test Engineer, Southwestern Light & Power Company, Lawton, OK, 1937 summer.  Tested high-voltage
     dielectric losses and rebuilt capacitor bushings.

  DEGREES
  Ph.D. in Power and High Voltage, Stanford University, 1941.
  B.S. in Electrical Engineering, University of Oklahoma,  Norman, 1938.
  B.S. in Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 1938.

  PROFESSIONAL
  Registered Professional Engineer, State of California, E666.
  Inventor of Synthesized Wave-Forms and Hewlett-Packard’s Low-Frequency Sine-Function Generators.
  Inventor of the control system that Enables a high-efficiency three-phase motor to operate from a single-phase
      supply.  PhaseAble^R Enabler^R is used on large motors up to 100 HP.
  Inventor of Control-Stabilized Parallel-Inverter (Ignitrons) for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
      LBNL Bevatron used for the life of the Bevatron.
  Inventor of Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind-Turbine Generators.
  Inventor of Posicast Control for Stepping Motors.
  Inventor of Westinghouse’s  X-Ray Thickness Gauge for steel rolling mills.
  Inventor of Optimal AC-Power Transmission System Stabilization Methods.
  Author of  “Feedack Control Systems”, McGraw-Hill 1958.  Translations into Russian and Chinese
      available.
  Author, “Workable Alternative Energy Sources”, 6th Information Transfer Meeting Conference Proceedings,
      Minerals Management Service U.S. Department of the Interior, Sept. 1991, pages 69-75 and 112-130.
  Chief of Party of an EPA team studying District Heating and Energy Efficiency in Krakow, Poland, 1992;
      Jointly with Polish Academy of Economics.
 Listed in American Men and Women in Science.
 Listed in Who’s Who in Science and Engineering.
 Listed in Who’s Who in Finance and Business.

    Hewlett-Packard Note:    William R. Hewlett died January 12, 2001, at the age of 87.  He invented resistance-capacitance tuned oscillators which were the foundation of the Hewlett-Packard company.   A revolutionary concept, synthesized wave forms, was invented in 1949 by Dr. Otto J. M. Smith, resulting in U.S. Patent No. 2,748,278, issued May 29, 1956. These Smith sine-function generators contributed substantially to the economic success of the HP company.  The Smith sine-function generators were the foundation for over 14 models, the HP Models 202A, 203A, 3245A, 3300A, 3302A, 3312A, 3314A, 3325A, 3325B, 3326A, 8111A, 8116A, 8165A, and 8904A.  These have had a spectacularly long life, over 50 years, and will live for 100 years more because this is the best way to generate sine-function and triangle waves.  These models use a square-wave generator, integrate to a triangle, and shape with a nonlinear or digital sine-function.
      William R. Hewlett wrote the introduction to the book, Inventions of Opportunity: Matching Technology with Market Needs, published 1983 by the Hewlett-Packard Company, 3000 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304.  Bill writes on page ix of his preface:
      “The Low-Frequency Function Generator (page 13)
      “This article is a good example of what was referred to earlier as engineering of opportunity.  Although we had RC oscillators that operated as low as 1 Hz, there were needs for much lower–frequency sources. . . [ A student paper ] described a novel method of extending the frequency range of an ‘oscillator’ to extremely low frequencies.  It was obvious that this was the method needed to meet known requirements.   Arrangements were made . . . [ with Dr. Smith ] to acquire the rights to this technique, and in a very short length of time we were able to produce an oscillator that operated very satisfactorily at frequencies as low as 0.01 Hz.  Incidentially, it also gave triangular and rectangular waves.  The basic technique was the use of waveform shaping, a common enough approach now, but very new at that time.”

     The article “A New Generator of Frequencies Down to 0.01 CPS” on pages 13 to 16 of the HP book above is a reprint from the HP Journal Vol. 2, No. 10, of June 1951.  “Footnote(1)  This basic generator circuitry is due to Dr. O. J. M. Smith of the University of California, Berkeley.”  The above describes the HP 202A, the first of the Smith sine-function products.

   In the HP Journal, Vol. 16, No. 11, July 1965, on pages 1 through 7, is the article: “A LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR WITH VARIABLE-PHASE OUTPUTS FOR GAIN-PHASE EVALUATIONS”.  This provides adjustable-phase sine- and square-wave outputs from 0.005 cps up to 60 kilocycles-per-second.  This Model HP203A was the second Smith sine-function product.

  In the HP Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3, November 1965, on pages 2-9, is the article: “A VOLTAGE-PROGRAMMABLE LOW-FREQUENCY FUNCTION GENERATOR WITH PLUG-IN VERSATILITY”.  This Model 3300A was the third Smith sine-function product.

   In the HP Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, October 1989, on pages 6 through 13, is the article: “40 Years of Chronicling Technical Achievement”.  In Figure 2, on page 8, the Smith Low-Frequency Function Generator is featured and displayed alongside Bill Hewlett’s Resistance-Tuned Oscillator, reprinted from the HP Journal articles in November 1949 and June 1951.  Quote: “This [Smith sine-function] generator also had the ability to produce triangular and square waveform shapes, a big deal at the time.  See Fig. 2b.”

   This 50-year life of the HP products and patent protection is evidence of the robustness of the Smith invention.  Dr. Otto Smith is still active in producing revolutionary inventions for Market Needs for air conditioners, freezers, water-pump motors, irrigation, and solar power plants.  His goals are market-orientation, high-reliability, long life, and low cost.

  Dr. Otto J. M. Smith,   otto.enabler@olympus.net
  Smith and Sun^R     Website: http://phaseable.com
  612 Euclid Avenue,    FAX (866)612-9074.
  Berkeley,  CA  94708-1332.   Tel. 1(510)525-9126

Licensing:

Each of these countries manufactures all of the components used in Smith PhaseAble^® controls and motors. Each can internally supply its own needs.
 

Home-Page/Why?/  List of Installations/Market-for-inventions/ 40-HP Motor/ Description/ FREE-WHEELING Flux/ Systems Operating/Voltage Sensitivity/ Costs/ Comparisons/ Otto Smith History/100-HP Vertical/ 100-HP Enabler/Licensing/ References/ Phase-Able References/ RequestMoreInfo/Additional Contacts

REFERENCES:

For the reader who wishes published references:

1. "Large Low-Cost Single-Phase Semi-hex^® Motors" by Otto J.M. Smith, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 14, No. 4, December 1999, pp 1353-1358.
2. O.J.M.Smith "Large Low-Cost Single-Phase Semi-hex^® Motors", abstract in IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 18, No. 5, May 1998, page 53. http://www.ieee.org/power.
3. Call for Discussions, IEEE PER, Vol.18, No.5, May 1998, page 47. http://www.ieee.org/power/authkit.htm, or email soc.pe@ieee.org.
4. "High-Efficiency Single-Phase SEMIHEX^® Motors", by Otto J.M. Smith, Electrical Machines and Power Systems, Vol. 26, No. 6, July 1998 pp 573-584.
5. "Large Low-Cost Single-Phase Semihex^® Motors", by Otto J.M. Smith, Paper No. MB2-5, 1997 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, May 18-21, 1997, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, IEEE Catalog No. 97TH8282.
6. "Single-Phase 40-HP Pump Motor", by Otto J.M. Smith, 52-nd Annual Regional Conference of ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) Paper No. PNW 97-102, Boise, Idaho, Sept.18-20, 1997.
7. "Electric Motors: The Latest Innovations", by Bret Scaliter, editor, Irrigation Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4, May/June 1997, pp 8-9. http://www.irrigationjournal.com.
8. "New Options allow farmers to convert from furrow irrigation to sprinklers, improve water quality", by Gerald Fleischman, IDAHO Currents, Vol. 15, Feb. 1998. Energy Division of the Idaho Department of Water Resources. pp 1 and 7. 1(800)334-7283.
9. "Three-Phase Induction Motor with Single-Phase Power Supply", US Patent 4,792,740, issued 20 December 1988 to Otto J.M. Smith.
10. "Three-Phase Motor Control", US Patent 5,300,870, issued 5 April 1994 to Otto J.M. Smith.
11. "Three-Phase Motor Operated From a Single-Phase Power Supply and Phase Converter", US Patent 5,545,965, issued 13 August 1996 to Otto J.M. Smith.
12. "Irrigation technology tops tour agenda", by Cindy Snyder, Magic Valley Ag Weekly, Twin Falls, Idaho, Saturday June 14, 1997.
13. "Idaho Power, Chamber team up for ag tours", by Leandra Reuble, Magic Valley Ag Weekly, Twin Falls, Idaho, Saturday June 28, 1997.
14. "High-Efficiency Large Single-Phase Adaptors and Motors", by Otto J.M. Smith IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.18, No.12, December, 1998 pp. 58-59.
15. "A Novel Method of Operating a Single-Phase Motor with Three-Phase Motor Efficiency" by Ali Shaban and David B. Mar, Paper No. 2 in NAPS-5-C Proceedings of the 1993 Twenty-Fifth North American Power Symposium, Howard University, Washington, D.C. October 11, 1993.
16. "A Low-Cost Single-Phase High-Efficiency Motor", by Ali Shaban and Jonathan Morris, Paper No. 5 in NAPS-4-C Proceedings of the 1994 Twenty-Sixth North American Power Symposium, Manhattan, Kansas, September 26-27, 1994.
17. "Single-Phase High-Efficiency Motor, I. Comparison with Adjustable Speed Drive, II. Effect of Harmonics", by Ali Shaban and Jose A. Ramirez, 1995 Twenty Seventh North American Power Symposium, Bozeman, Montana, 3 October 1995.
18. "Circuitry Innovation for Three-Phase Motor Operation On Single-Phase Power", Applied Engineering In Agriculture (ASAE), Vol. 15, No. 5, September 1999, pp 577-582, by O. J. M. Smith and Clinton C. Shock.
19. "Single-Phase Motor Revolution", Banquet Address, Proceedings of the Thirty-first North American Power Symposium, pp 313-326, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, October 10, 1999 by Otto J.M. Smith.
20. "Control Switching System for the Smith Motor", by Thomas A. Santrach and Ali Shaban, Proceedings of 31-st North American Power Symposium 1999, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California October 11,1999, pp 38-44.
21. "Motor Starter", U.S. Patent No. 6,025,693, issued 15 February 2000, to Otto J.M. Smith.
22. "Single-Phase Motor Starters", U.S. Patent No. 6,049,188 issued 11 April 2000, to Otto J.M. Smith.
23. "Steady-State Analysis of a Three-Phase Induction Motor with the Smith Connection", by Prof. Tze-Fun Chan and Prof. L. L. Lai, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 20, No. 10, October 2000, pp 45-46.
24. "High-Efficiency Single-Phase Air Conditioner", California Energy Commission Report EISG No. P500-02-003F 15 February 2002, by Otto J.M. Smith. URL http://eisg.sdsu.edu/Approved-FARs.htm
25. "Master Three-Phase Induction Motor with Satellite Three-Phase Motors Driven by a Single-Phase Supply", US Patent No. 6,356,041 B1 Issued 12 March 2002 to Otto J.M. Smith.
26. "High-Efficiency Three-Phase Motors Connected to Single-Phase supplies", Electrical Manufacturing and Coil Winding Association Conference, at The EMCW-2002 Expo. Oct. 15, 2002, Session No. 08, pp 99-106, by Phyllis Sterling Smith and Otto J. M. Smith, Cincinnati, Ohio.
27. "Smith Phase-Able^® Enabler^® Motors", in Motor Technology E Source Drivepower Atlas, Section 7.5.5, Boulder, Colorado. 80301-2515, Tel. 1(720)548-5740.
28. "Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the performance of Polyphase Induction Motors", NEMA MG-1, 1993, Revision 3, Section 14.35. "The currents at normal operating speed with unbalanced voltages will be greatly unbalanced in the order of approximately 6 to 10 times the voltage unbalance."
29. "The Impact That Voltage and Frequency Variations Have on Motor Performance and Life" Austin H. Bonnett, EASA Education and Technology Consultant, EASA Convention 2003, Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, Ca  June 30, 2003. Electrical Apparatus Service Association (EASA), 1331 Baur Boulevard, St Louis, Mo. 63132. USA. 1(314)993-2220.

REFERENCES: to Phase-Able^® Enablers^®

1. Smith, O.J.M.,"Three-Phase Induction Motor with Single-Phase Power Supply", US Patent No. 4,792,740, issued 20 December 1988.
2. Smith, O.J.M.,"Three-Phase Motor Control", US Patent No. 5,300,870 issued 5 April 1994.
3. Smith, O.J.M.,"Three-Phase Motor Operated From a Single-Phase Power Supply and Phase Converter", US Patent No. 5,545,965, issued 13 August 1996.
4. Smith, O.J.M.,"Motor Starter", US Patent No. 6,025,693, issued 15 Feburuary 2000.
5. Smith, O.J.M.,"Single Phase Motor Starters", US Patent No. 6,049,188, issued 11 April 2000.

1. Smith, O.J.M.,"Three-Phase Motor Control", Peoples Republic Of China Patent No. 95105163.6 Certificate No. 655335 issued Dec 8, 2000. In force April 18, 1995 to April 18, 2015.
2. Smith, O.J.M.,"Three-Phase Motor Control", Brazilian Patent No. PI9304033-4 to O.J.M. Smith; Granted December 26,2000; Issue Published April 17, 2001: Expiration October 13, 2013.
3. Smith, O.J.M.,"Master Three-Phase Induction Motor with Satellite Three Phase Motors Driven by a Single-Phase Power Supply", US Patent No. 6,356,041 B1, issued March 12, 2002.
4. Smith, O.J.M.,"High-efficiency single-phase motor", IEEE Trans Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, pp 560-569, Sept 1992.
5. Smith, O.J.M.,"LARGE LOW-COST SINGLE-PHASE SEMI-HEX^TM MOTORS", Paper No. MB2-5, 1997 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, May 18-21, 1997, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, IEEE Catalog No. 97 TH8282, pages MB-5.1 to MB-5.3.
6. Smith, O.J.M.,"Single-Phase 40HP Pump Motor", Proc. 52-nd Annual Regional Conference of ASAE/CSAE, Boise, Idaho, 18-20 Sept. 1997, ASAE Paper No. 97-102, St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
7. Smith, O.J.M.,"High-efficiency single-phase SEMI-HEX^TM motors", Electric Machines and Power Systems, Vol. 26, No. 6, June 1998, pp 573-584.
8. Smith, O.J.M.,"High-efficiency large single-phase adapters and motors", IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.18, Dec.1998, pp 58-59.
9. Smith, O.J.M.,"Large Low-Cost Single-Phase Semi-Hex^TM motors", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol.14, No.4, December 1999, pp 1353-1358. Abstract in IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 18, No. 5, May 1998, page 53.
10. O.J.M. Smith and Clinton C. Shock, "Circuitry Innovation For Three-Phase Motor Operation on Single-Phase Power", Applied Engineering in Agriculture, ASAE, Vol.15, No.5, September/October 1999, pp 573-582.
11. Smith, O.J.M.,"Single-Phase Motor Revolution", Banquet Address, Proceedings of 31-st North American Power Symposium 1999, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo,California, October 11,1999, pp 313-320.
12. Smith, O.J.M.,"High-Efficiency Single-Phase Air Conditioner", California Energy Commission, Feasibility Analysis No P500-02-003F, Energy Innovation Small Grant Program, February 2002.
13. Smith, O.J.M.,"High-Efficiency Single-Phase Air Conditioner". Cal. Energy Comm., URL Sites:http://eisg.sdsu,edu/Far/99-39%20FAR%20Appendix%20A.pdf (Text called Appendix A.)
14. http://eisg.sdsu,edu/Far/99-39%20Appendix%20C%20to%20FAR.pdf (Conclusion in Appendix C.)
15. OR, http://eisg.sdsu,edu/Far Click on 99-39 FAR AppendixA.pdf also Click on 99-39 FAR Appendix C to FAR.pdf (CEC Feasibility Analysis No. P500-02-003F, February 2002).
16. Smith, O.J.M. and Phyllis Sterling Smith,"High-Efficiency Three-Phase motors Connected to Single-Phase Supplies", Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Association Conference, EMCW Expo 2002, October 15-17, 2002, Session No. 8, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 15, 2002, pp 99-106.
17. Smith, O. J. M., "High-Efficiency Air-Conditioner on Single-Phase Electricity", California Energy commission EISG Grant 53828/04-08
18. Smith, O.J.M., Smith WebSite: http://www.phaseable.com

1. Home-Page/Why?/  List of Installations/Market-for-inventions/ 40-HP Motor/ Description/ FREE-WHEELING Flux/ Systems Operating/Voltage Sensitivity/ Costs/ Comparisons/ Otto Smith History/100-HP Vertical/ 100-HP Enabler/Licensing/ References/ Phase-Able References/ RequestMoreInfo/Additional Contacts

Otto J. A. Smith  (Otto J. M. Smith's son)
otto@123phase.com

123Phase Inc.
POB 1451
Port Townsend WA, 98368

Tel: (360) 379-0142
Fax: (866) 612-9074